{"meta":{"title":"單字文法補救站","source":"大考中心《高中英文參考詞彙表》Level 1-6（共 6013 字）","note":"本批為字根分類原型，共 100 字。每個例句對應一個高中文法重點。","voice":{"en":"Samantha","zh":"Meijia"}},"roots":[{"id":"spect","form":"spect / spic","meaning":"看","origin":"拉丁文 specere「看」","words":[{"w":"aspect","pos":"n.","lv":4,"zh":"方面；觀點","parts":[["a-","朝向（ad- 的變體）"],["spect","看"]],"gloss":"朝某個方向看過去 → 事情的某一個面向","en":"We should consider every aspect of the plan before we make a decision.","zhs":"我們應該在做決定之前考慮這個計畫的每個面向。","g":"時間副詞子句：before 子句用現在式代替未來式","gnote":"before / after / when / until 引導的時間副詞子句裡不用 will，用現在式表示未來。這裡 make 不寫成 will make。"},{"w":"inspect","pos":"v.","lv":3,"zh":"檢查；視察","parts":[["in-","進入、向內"],["spect","看"]],"gloss":"看進去 → 仔細檢查","en":"The machines are inspected twice a year to make sure they are safe.","zhs":"這些機器一年檢查兩次，以確保它們是安全的。","g":"被動語態（現在簡單式）：be + 過去分詞","gnote":"動作者不重要或不明時用被動。are inspected 的主詞 machines 是動作的承受者。"},{"w":"inspector","pos":"n.","lv":3,"zh":"檢查員；督察","parts":[["in-","向內"],["spect","看"],["-or","做…的人"]],"gloss":"負責看進去的人 → 檢查員","en":"The inspector who visited our factory last week wrote a detailed report.","zhs":"上週來我們工廠的那位檢查員寫了一份詳細的報告。","g":"關係代名詞 who 引導形容詞子句，修飾人","gnote":"先行詞是人且在子句中當主詞時用 who（可代換 that）。who visited our factory 整段修飾 the inspector。"},{"w":"perspective","pos":"n.","lv":5,"zh":"觀點；透視法","parts":[["per-","穿過"],["spect","看"],["-ive","名詞/形容詞字尾"]],"gloss":"穿透著看 → 看事情的角度","en":"Living abroad gave me a completely new perspective on my own culture.","zhs":"住在國外讓我對自己的文化有了全新的觀點。","g":"動名詞當主詞，動詞用單數","gnote":"Living abroad 是動名詞片語當主詞，視為單數，所以動詞用 gave 而非 gave 的複數形。"},{"w":"prospect","pos":"n.","lv":5,"zh":"前景；展望","parts":[["pro-","向前"],["spect","看"]],"gloss":"向前看 → 未來的展望","en":"The prospect of studying in Japan excited her so much that she could not sleep.","zhs":"去日本唸書的前景讓她興奮到睡不著。","g":"so … that … 如此…以致於…","gnote":"so 後面接形容詞或副詞，that 引導結果子句。若接名詞則要用 such … that …。"},{"w":"respect","pos":"n./v.","lv":2,"zh":"尊敬；尊重","parts":[["re-","再次、回頭"],["spect","看"]],"gloss":"回頭再看一次 → 值得一再注視 → 敬重","en":"Students should respect their teachers, and teachers should respect their students too.","zhs":"學生應該尊敬老師，老師也應該尊重學生。","g":"對等連接詞 and 連接兩個對等子句","gnote":"and 連接結構相同的兩個獨立子句時，前面通常加逗號。兩邊都用 should + 原形動詞。"},{"w":"respectable","pos":"adj.","lv":4,"zh":"體面的；值得尊敬的","parts":[["re-","回頭"],["spect","看"],["-able","可以…的"]],"gloss":"可以被一再注視的 → 拿得出手的、體面的","en":"He came from a respectable family, but he never talked about his background.","zhs":"他出身於一個體面的家庭，但他從不談論自己的背景。","g":"對比連接詞 but ＋頻率副詞 never 的位置","gnote":"never 這類頻率副詞放在一般動詞之前、be 動詞之後。這裡放在 talked 前面。"},{"w":"spectacle","pos":"n.","lv":6,"zh":"奇觀；壯觀場面","parts":[["spect","看"],["-acle","名詞字尾"]],"gloss":"值得一看的東西 → 奇觀","en":"The fireworks over the harbor were such a spectacle that everyone stopped to watch.","zhs":"港口上方的煙火是如此壯觀的景象，大家都停下來觀看。","g":"such + a + 名詞 + that 子句","gnote":"接名詞用 such，接形容詞或副詞用 so。比較：so beautiful that… / such a spectacle that…。"},{"w":"spectacular","pos":"adj./n.","lv":5,"zh":"壯觀的；精彩的","parts":[["spect","看"],["-acular","形容詞字尾"]],"gloss":"值得看的 → 壯觀的","en":"Never have I seen such a spectacular sunset as the one in Taitung.","zhs":"我從沒見過像台東那樣壯觀的日落。","g":"否定副詞置句首的倒裝句","gnote":"Never / Seldom / Hardly 放句首時，主詞與助動詞要倒裝：Never have I seen…，而非 Never I have seen…。"},{"w":"spectator","pos":"n.","lv":5,"zh":"觀眾；旁觀者","parts":[["spect","看"],["-ator","做…的人"]],"gloss":"在看的人 → 觀眾","en":"Thousands of spectators were cheering when the runner crossed the finish line.","zhs":"當那位跑者衝過終點線時，數千名觀眾正在歡呼。","g":"過去進行式 ＋ when 引導的過去簡單式","gnote":"較長的背景動作用過去進行式（were cheering），短暫插入的動作用過去簡單式（crossed）。"},{"w":"spectrum","pos":"n.","lv":5,"zh":"光譜；範圍","parts":[["spect","看"],["-rum","名詞字尾"]],"gloss":"看得見的東西攤開來 → 光譜、連續的範圍","en":"The book covers a wide spectrum of topics, ranging from history to technology.","zhs":"這本書涵蓋了廣泛的主題，從歷史到科技都有。","g":"分詞構句（現在分詞）作補充說明","gnote":"ranging 是 which ranges 的簡化。主動關係用現在分詞 V-ing，被動關係用過去分詞 p.p.。"},{"w":"suspect","pos":"v./n./adj.","lv":3,"zh":"懷疑；嫌犯","parts":[["sus-","在下面（sub- 的變體）"],["spect","看"]],"gloss":"從底下偷看 → 暗中打量 → 懷疑","en":"The police suspect that the man hid the money somewhere in the building.","zhs":"警方懷疑那名男子把錢藏在大樓裡的某處。","g":"that 引導名詞子句當受詞","gnote":"suspect / think / believe 等動詞後可接 that 子句當受詞，口語中 that 常省略。"}]},{"id":"dict","form":"dict","meaning":"說","origin":"拉丁文 dicere「說」","words":[{"w":"dictionary","pos":"n.","lv":1,"zh":"字典","parts":[["dict","說"],["-ionary","名詞字尾"]],"gloss":"教你怎麼說的東西 → 字典","en":"If I were you, I would look the word up in a dictionary.","zhs":"如果我是你，我會去字典裡查這個字。","g":"與現在事實相反的假設語氣","gnote":"If + S + 過去式（be 動詞用 were），主要子句用 would / could / might + 原形動詞。"},{"w":"predict","pos":"v.","lv":4,"zh":"預測","parts":[["pre-","事先"],["dict","說"]],"gloss":"事先說出來 → 預測","en":"Nobody can predict what the weather will be like next week.","zhs":"沒有人能預測下週的天氣會是什麼樣子。","g":"間接問句：疑問詞 ＋ 主詞 ＋ 動詞","gnote":"疑問句當受詞時要還原成直述句語序。是 what the weather will be，不是 what will the weather be。"},{"w":"prediction","pos":"n.","lv":4,"zh":"預測；預言","parts":[["pre-","事先"],["dict","說"],["-ion","名詞字尾"]],"gloss":"事先說出來的話 → 預測","en":"His prediction about the election turned out to be completely wrong.","zhs":"他對選舉的預測結果證明完全錯誤。","g":"turn out to be ＋ 補語","gnote":"turn out 意為「結果是」，後接 to be ＋ 名詞或形容詞，也可接 that 子句。"},{"w":"contradict","pos":"v.","lv":6,"zh":"反駁；與…矛盾","parts":[["contra-","相反"],["dict","說"]],"gloss":"說反話 → 反駁、抵觸","en":"The witness contradicted himself several times during the trial.","zhs":"那名證人在審判過程中好幾次自相矛盾。","g":"反身代名詞當受詞","gnote":"當受詞與主詞是同一人時要用反身代名詞：himself / herself / themselves。"},{"w":"contradiction","pos":"n.","lv":5,"zh":"矛盾；抵觸","parts":[["contra-","相反"],["dict","說"],["-ion","名詞字尾"]],"gloss":"互相說反的狀態 → 矛盾","en":"There is a clear contradiction between what he says and what he does.","zhs":"他說的和他做的之間有明顯的矛盾。","g":"複合關係代名詞 what 引導名詞子句","gnote":"what = the thing(s) which，本身已含先行詞。這裡兩個 what 子句各自當介系詞 between 的受詞。"},{"w":"dictate","pos":"v.","lv":6,"zh":"口述；命令","parts":[["dict","說"],["-ate","動詞字尾"]],"gloss":"把話說出來讓人記下 → 口述、發號施令","en":"The manager dictated a letter to his secretary while he was packing.","zhs":"經理一邊打包行李，一邊向祕書口述一封信。","g":"while 引導的過去進行式子句","gnote":"while 強調兩個動作同時進行，常搭配進行式；when 則常接短暫動作。"},{"w":"dictation","pos":"n.","lv":6,"zh":"聽寫；口述","parts":[["dict","說"],["-ation","名詞字尾"]],"gloss":"把說的話寫下來 → 聽寫","en":"Our English teacher gives us a dictation every Friday morning.","zhs":"我們的英文老師每週五早上給我們一次聽寫測驗。","g":"授與動詞的雙受詞結構","gnote":"give + 人 + 物（gives us a dictation），也可寫成 give + 物 + to + 人。"},{"w":"dictator","pos":"n.","lv":6,"zh":"獨裁者","parts":[["dict","說"],["-ator","做…的人"]],"gloss":"說了算的人 → 獨裁者","en":"The dictator had ruled the country for thirty years before he was forced to step down.","zhs":"那名獨裁者已統治該國三十年，之後才被迫下台。","g":"過去完成式：過去的過去","gnote":"兩個過去動作中，較早發生的用 had + p.p.（had ruled），較晚的用過去簡單式（was forced）。"},{"w":"dictatorship","pos":"n.","lv":6,"zh":"獨裁政權；專政","parts":[["dict","說"],["-ator","人"],["-ship","狀態、身分"]],"gloss":"獨裁者的統治狀態 → 獨裁政權","en":"People who have lived under a dictatorship know how precious freedom is.","zhs":"在獨裁政權下生活過的人知道自由有多麼珍貴。","g":"現在完成式表經驗 ＋ 間接感嘆句","gnote":"have lived 表過去到現在的經驗；how precious freedom is 是名詞子句，語序為主詞在前、動詞在後。"},{"w":"addict","pos":"n./v.","lv":4,"zh":"使上癮；成癮者","parts":[["ad-","朝向"],["dict","說"]],"gloss":"把自己「說給」某物 → 交付、沉溺","en":"He is addicted to online games and spends six hours a day playing them.","zhs":"他沉迷於線上遊戲，一天花六小時玩它們。","g":"be addicted to ＋ 名詞／動名詞；spend 時間 + V-ing","gnote":"to 在此是介系詞不是不定詞，後面接名詞或動名詞。spend + 時間 + (in) + V-ing 為固定句型。"},{"w":"addiction","pos":"n.","lv":6,"zh":"上癮；沉溺","parts":[["ad-","朝向"],["dict","說"],["-ion","名詞字尾"]],"gloss":"把自己交付出去的狀態 → 成癮","en":"Her addiction to shopping has caused serious financial problems.","zhs":"她對購物的成癮已經造成嚴重的財務問題。","g":"現在完成式表「對現在造成影響」","gnote":"has caused 強調過去發生的事延續影響到現在，與單純敘述過去的 caused 不同。"},{"w":"verdict","pos":"n.","lv":5,"zh":"判決；裁定","parts":[["ver-","真實（拉丁 verus）"],["dict","說"]],"gloss":"說出真相 → 判決","en":"The jury reached a verdict after discussing the case for three hours.","zhs":"陪審團討論此案三小時後做出了判決。","g":"介系詞 after ＋ 動名詞","gnote":"after / before / by / without 等介系詞後面接動詞時，一律用動名詞 V-ing。"}]},{"id":"port","form":"port","meaning":"搬運、攜帶","origin":"拉丁文 portare「攜帶」","words":[{"w":"report","pos":"n./v.","lv":1,"zh":"報告；報導","parts":[["re-","回來"],["port","搬運"]],"gloss":"把消息搬回來 → 回報、報導","en":"The student who wrote this report spent two weeks collecting the data.","zhs":"寫這份報告的學生花了兩週收集資料。","g":"spend + 時間 + V-ing","gnote":"spend 的主詞必須是人；若主詞是事物則用 take：It took him two weeks to collect the data.。"},{"w":"reporter","pos":"n.","lv":1,"zh":"記者","parts":[["re-","回來"],["port","搬運"],["-er","做…的人"]],"gloss":"把消息搬回來的人 → 記者","en":"A reporter asked the mayor whether he would run for office again.","zhs":"一名記者問市長他是否會再次競選。","g":"whether 引導名詞子句（間接是非問句）","gnote":"間接問句若無疑問詞，用 whether 或 if 連接，且語序改為直述句。"},{"w":"important","pos":"adj.","lv":1,"zh":"重要的","parts":[["im-","進入（in- 在 p 前變 im-）"],["port","搬運"],["-ant","形容詞字尾"]],"gloss":"值得搬進來的 → 重要的","en":"It is important for students to develop the habit of reading every day.","zhs":"對學生而言，養成每天閱讀的習慣很重要。","g":"虛主詞 it ＋ for ＋ 受詞 ＋ 不定詞","gnote":"真正的主詞是 to develop…，為避免頭重腳輕而用 it 代替放句首。不定詞的意義上主詞用 for 引導。"},{"w":"importance","pos":"n.","lv":2,"zh":"重要性","parts":[["im-","進入"],["port","搬運"],["-ance","名詞字尾"]],"gloss":"值得搬進來的程度 → 重要性","en":"Few people realize the importance of sleep until they lose it.","zhs":"很少人意識到睡眠的重要性，直到失去它為止。","g":"not … until … 直到…才…","gnote":"until 子句用現在式表未來。Few 本身含否定意味，等同 not many。"},{"w":"export","pos":"n./v.","lv":3,"zh":"出口；輸出","parts":[["ex-","向外"],["port","搬運"]],"gloss":"搬出去 → 出口","en":"Taiwan exports a large number of semiconductors to countries around the world.","zhs":"台灣出口大量半導體到世界各國。","g":"a large number of ＋ 可數名詞複數","gnote":"a number of 接可數複數；a large amount of 接不可數。注意兩者不可混用。"},{"w":"import","pos":"n./v.","lv":3,"zh":"進口；輸入","parts":[["im-","向內"],["port","搬運"]],"gloss":"搬進來 → 進口","en":"Most of the oil that this country uses is imported from the Middle East.","zhs":"這個國家使用的石油大多從中東進口。","g":"關係代名詞 that ＋ 被動語態","gnote":"that this country uses 修飾 oil；主要動詞 is imported 為被動，因為主詞是被進口的對象。"},{"w":"transport","pos":"n./v.","lv":3,"zh":"運輸；運送","parts":[["trans-","橫越"],["port","搬運"]],"gloss":"搬過去 → 運輸","en":"The goods were transported by ship because air freight was too expensive.","zhs":"這些貨物以船運送，因為空運太貴了。","g":"被動語態（過去式）＋ because 引導原因子句","gnote":"被動語態的過去式為 were + p.p.。because 接完整子句，because of 接名詞片語。"},{"w":"transportation","pos":"n.","lv":4,"zh":"交通運輸","parts":[["trans-","橫越"],["port","搬運"],["-ation","名詞字尾"]],"gloss":"橫越搬運這件事 → 交通","en":"Public transportation in this city is not as convenient as it used to be.","zhs":"這座城市的大眾運輸不如以前方便了。","g":"not as … as … 原級比較 ＋ used to","gnote":"not as + 原級 + as 表示「不如…」。used to + 原形動詞表示過去的習慣或狀態。"},{"w":"support","pos":"n./v.","lv":2,"zh":"支持；支撐","parts":[["sup-","在下面（sub- 的變體）"],["port","搬運"]],"gloss":"在下面撐著搬 → 支撐、支持","en":"Having been supported by her family, she finally finished her degree.","zhs":"在家人的支持下，她終於完成了學位。","g":"完成式被動分詞構句","gnote":"Having been p.p. 表示這個被動動作發生在主要子句之前。完整形為 After she had been supported…。"},{"w":"portable","pos":"adj.","lv":4,"zh":"手提的；可攜帶的","parts":[["port","搬運"],["-able","可以…的"]],"gloss":"可以被搬的 → 可攜帶的","en":"This portable speaker is small enough to fit in your pocket.","zhs":"這台手提喇叭小到可以放進你的口袋。","g":"形容詞 + enough + 不定詞","gnote":"enough 修飾形容詞時放在形容詞「之後」：small enough，不可寫成 enough small。"},{"w":"passport","pos":"n.","lv":3,"zh":"護照","parts":[["pass","通過"],["port","港口、通道"]],"gloss":"通過港口用的東西 → 護照","en":"Make sure your passport is valid before you book the flight.","zhs":"在訂機票之前，先確認你的護照還在有效期內。","g":"祈使句 ＋ before 時間子句","gnote":"祈使句以原形動詞開頭，主詞 you 省略。before 子句同樣用現在式表未來。"},{"w":"airport","pos":"n.","lv":1,"zh":"機場","parts":[["air","空中"],["port","港口"]],"gloss":"空中的港口 → 機場","en":"By the time we arrive at the airport, the plane will have taken off.","zhs":"等我們抵達機場時，飛機將已經起飛了。","g":"未來完成式 will have + p.p.","gnote":"表示在未來某時間點之前就會完成的動作。By the time 子句用現在式代替未來式。"},{"w":"porter","pos":"n.","lv":6,"zh":"行李搬運員；門房","parts":[["port","搬運"],["-er","做…的人"]],"gloss":"搬東西的人 → 搬運工","en":"The porter helped us carry our luggage to the room on the fifth floor.","zhs":"行李員幫我們把行李搬到五樓的房間。","g":"help + 受詞 + (to) 原形動詞","gnote":"help 後面的不定詞可省略 to，寫成 help us carry 或 help us to carry 都正確。"},{"w":"portfolio","pos":"n.","lv":5,"zh":"作品集；投資組合","parts":[["port","攜帶"],["folio","紙張（拉丁 folium 葉子）"]],"gloss":"帶著走的紙夾 → 作品集","en":"Students are required to submit a portfolio that shows their best work.","zhs":"學生被要求繳交一份展示他們最佳作品的作品集。","g":"be required to ＋ 原形動詞","gnote":"require / ask / tell / advise 的被動常接不定詞。that shows… 為關係子句修飾 portfolio。"}]},{"id":"tract","form":"tract / trac","meaning":"拉、拖","origin":"拉丁文 trahere / tractus「拉」","words":[{"w":"attract","pos":"v.","lv":3,"zh":"吸引","parts":[["at-","朝向（ad- 的變體）"],["tract","拉"]],"gloss":"朝自己這邊拉 → 吸引","en":"The night market attracts thousands of tourists every weekend.","zhs":"這個夜市每個週末吸引數千名觀光客。","g":"現在簡單式表示反覆發生的事實","gnote":"搭配 every weekend / usually / often 等頻率副詞時用現在簡單式，第三人稱單數動詞加 -s。"},{"w":"attraction","pos":"n.","lv":4,"zh":"吸引力；景點","parts":[["at-","朝向"],["tract","拉"],["-ion","名詞字尾"]],"gloss":"往這邊拉的力量 → 吸引力","en":"The main attraction of the festival is the parade held on the last day.","zhs":"這個節慶的主要景點是最後一天舉行的遊行。","g":"過去分詞片語當後位修飾","gnote":"held on the last day 等於 which is held on the last day，被動關係用過去分詞。"},{"w":"attractive","pos":"adj.","lv":3,"zh":"有吸引力的","parts":[["at-","朝向"],["tract","拉"],["-ive","形容詞字尾"]],"gloss":"會把人拉過來的 → 有魅力的","en":"Not only is the design attractive, but it is also easy to use.","zhs":"這個設計不僅有吸引力，而且容易使用。","g":"Not only 置句首的倒裝","gnote":"Not only 放句首時，該子句要倒裝（is the design）。後半 but also 子句則不倒裝。"},{"w":"distract","pos":"v.","lv":5,"zh":"使分心","parts":[["dis-","分開"],["tract","拉"]],"gloss":"把注意力拉開 → 使分心","en":"Turn off your phone so that you will not be distracted while studying.","zhs":"把手機關掉，這樣你讀書時就不會分心。","g":"so that 引導目的副詞子句","gnote":"so that 後接完整子句表目的，常搭配 can / will / may。注意與表結果的 so … that … 區分。"},{"w":"distraction","pos":"n.","lv":6,"zh":"分心的事物","parts":[["dis-","分開"],["tract","拉"],["-ion","名詞字尾"]],"gloss":"把注意力拉開的東西 → 干擾","en":"Social media is one of the biggest distractions that students face today.","zhs":"社群媒體是當今學生面對的最大干擾之一。","g":"one of the + 最高級 + 複數名詞","gnote":"one of 後面必須接複數名詞，但整個片語當主詞時動詞用單數（is）。"},{"w":"extract","pos":"n./v.","lv":6,"zh":"萃取；摘錄","parts":[["ex-","向外"],["tract","拉"]],"gloss":"拉出來 → 抽取、萃取","en":"The dentist extracted the tooth that had been causing her pain for weeks.","zhs":"牙醫拔掉了那顆已讓她痛了好幾週的牙齒。","g":"過去完成進行式 had been + V-ing","gnote":"表示在過去某時間點之前「持續進行」的動作，強調持續的時間長度（for weeks）。"},{"w":"subtract","pos":"v.","lv":3,"zh":"減去","parts":[["sub-","在下面、拿走"],["tract","拉"]],"gloss":"從底下拉走 → 減去","en":"If you subtract five from twelve, you will get seven.","zhs":"如果你用十二減去五，你會得到七。","g":"條件句第一類（可能實現的條件）","gnote":"If 子句用現在式，主要子句用 will + 原形。條件句中不可用 will。"},{"w":"contract","pos":"n./v.","lv":2,"zh":"合約；收縮","parts":[["con-","一起"],["tract","拉"]],"gloss":"把雙方拉在一起 → 契約","en":"Before signing the contract, you had better read every term carefully.","zhs":"在簽合約之前，你最好仔細閱讀每一項條款。","g":"had better + 原形動詞","gnote":"had better 表示強烈建議，後接原形動詞；否定為 had better not + 原形。"},{"w":"contractor","pos":"n.","lv":5,"zh":"承包商","parts":[["con-","一起"],["tract","拉"],["-or","做…的人"]],"gloss":"簽約承攬工程的人 → 承包商","en":"The contractor whose company built this bridge has won several awards.","zhs":"建造這座橋的那家公司的承包商已獲得多項獎項。","g":"關係代名詞所有格 whose","gnote":"whose 表示「…的」，後面直接接名詞，不論先行詞是人或物都可用。"},{"w":"abstract","pos":"adj.","lv":4,"zh":"抽象的；摘要","parts":[["abs-","離開（ab- 的變體）"],["tract","拉"]],"gloss":"從具體事物中拉離 → 抽象的","en":"Abstract concepts such as justice are difficult for children to understand.","zhs":"像正義這樣的抽象概念對孩子來說很難理解。","g":"難易形容詞 ＋ for ＋ 不定詞","gnote":"difficult / easy / hard 這類形容詞用 for 引導不定詞的意義上主詞，且不定詞後不再加受詞。"},{"w":"abstraction","pos":"n.","lv":6,"zh":"抽象；抽象概念","parts":[["abs-","離開"],["tract","拉"],["-ion","名詞字尾"]],"gloss":"抽離出來的結果 → 抽象概念","en":"What he described was an abstraction rather than a real situation.","zhs":"他所描述的是一個抽象概念，而不是真實的情況。","g":"what 名詞子句當主詞 ＋ rather than","gnote":"What he described 整段當主詞，動詞用單數 was。rather than 表「而不是」，前後結構要對等。"}]},{"id":"ject","form":"ject","meaning":"丟、投擲","origin":"拉丁文 jacere / jactus「丟」","words":[{"w":"subject","pos":"n.","lv":1,"zh":"主題；科目；使遭受","parts":[["sub-","在下面"],["ject","丟"]],"gloss":"丟到下面去 → 被置於管轄之下 → 臣民、主題","en":"Math is the subject in which he has always been most interested.","zhs":"數學是他一直以來最感興趣的科目。","g":"介系詞 ＋ 關係代名詞 in which","gnote":"be interested in 的 in 移到關係代名詞前，形成 in which，此時不可用 that。"},{"w":"subjective","pos":"adj./n.","lv":6,"zh":"主觀的","parts":[["sub-","在下面"],["ject","丟"],["-ive","形容詞字尾"]],"gloss":"屬於主體的 → 主觀的","en":"Beauty is subjective; what one person loves, another may dislike.","zhs":"美是主觀的；一個人喜愛的，另一個人可能不喜歡。","g":"分號連接兩個相關的獨立子句","gnote":"分號可取代連接詞，連接語意緊密的兩個完整句子，後面不需大寫。"},{"w":"object","pos":"n./v.","lv":2,"zh":"物體；反對","parts":[["ob-","對著、逆向"],["ject","丟"]],"gloss":"丟到你面前的東西 → 物體；朝你丟回去 → 反對","en":"Many residents objected to the plan to build a factory near the river.","zhs":"許多居民反對在河邊蓋工廠的計畫。","g":"object to ＋ 名詞／動名詞","gnote":"這裡的 to 是介系詞，後面接名詞或 V-ing，不可接原形動詞。"},{"w":"objection","pos":"n.","lv":4,"zh":"反對；異議","parts":[["ob-","逆向"],["ject","丟"],["-ion","名詞字尾"]],"gloss":"丟回去的動作 → 反對","en":"She raised no objection to the proposal, which surprised everyone in the room.","zhs":"她對這項提案沒有提出反對，這讓房間裡的每個人都很驚訝。","g":"非限定關係子句 which 指涉整個前句","gnote":"逗號 + which 可代替前面「整件事」，此用法不可用 that 代換。"},{"w":"objective","pos":"n./adj.","lv":4,"zh":"目標；客觀的","parts":[["ob-","朝向"],["ject","丟"],["-ive","形容詞字尾"]],"gloss":"丟出去要達到的點 → 目標；針對客體的 → 客觀的","en":"A good journalist must remain objective, no matter how strong his feelings are.","zhs":"一個好記者必須保持客觀，無論他的感受多麼強烈。","g":"no matter how ＋ 形容詞 ＋ 主詞 ＋ 動詞","gnote":"no matter how = however，引導讓步副詞子句。形容詞要緊跟在 how 之後。"},{"w":"project","pos":"n.","lv":2,"zh":"計畫；專案；投射","parts":[["pro-","向前"],["ject","丟"]],"gloss":"向前丟出去 → 拋出的構想 → 計畫","en":"The project which we started last summer has finally been completed.","zhs":"我們去年夏天開始的那個專案終於完成了。","g":"現在完成式的被動語態","gnote":"結構為 have / has been + p.p.，表示到現在為止已完成的被動動作。"},{"w":"projection","pos":"n.","lv":5,"zh":"投影；預估","parts":[["pro-","向前"],["ject","丟"],["-ion","名詞字尾"]],"gloss":"向前丟出的影像或數字 → 投影、預測","en":"According to the latest projection, the population will double by 2050.","zhs":"根據最新的預估，人口將在二〇五〇年前增加一倍。","g":"by + 未來時間點搭配未來式","gnote":"by 表示「在…之前（不晚於）」，常與未來式或未來完成式連用。"},{"w":"reject","pos":"v.","lv":2,"zh":"拒絕；退回","parts":[["re-","回去"],["ject","丟"]],"gloss":"丟回去 → 拒絕","en":"The committee rejected his application because he had missed the deadline.","zhs":"委員會拒絕了他的申請，因為他錯過了截止期限。","g":"主要子句過去式 ＋ 原因子句過去完成式","gnote":"錯過期限（had missed）發生在被拒絕（rejected）之前，故用過去完成式標示先後。"},{"w":"rejection","pos":"n.","lv":4,"zh":"拒絕；退件","parts":[["re-","回去"],["ject","丟"],["-ion","名詞字尾"]],"gloss":"丟回去這件事 → 拒絕","en":"Learning to deal with rejection is an important part of growing up.","zhs":"學會面對拒絕是成長的重要一環。","g":"動名詞片語當主詞","gnote":"Learning to deal with rejection 為主詞，視為單數，動詞用 is。"},{"w":"inject","pos":"v.","lv":5,"zh":"注射；注入","parts":[["in-","進入"],["ject","丟"]],"gloss":"丟進去 → 注射","en":"The nurse injected the medicine into his arm without saying a word.","zhs":"護理師一句話也沒說就把藥注射進他的手臂。","g":"without ＋ 動名詞","gnote":"without 是介系詞，後接 V-ing。整個片語當副詞用，說明主要動詞的方式。"},{"w":"injection","pos":"n.","lv":5,"zh":"注射","parts":[["in-","進入"],["ject","丟"],["-ion","名詞字尾"]],"gloss":"丟進去的動作 → 注射","en":"If the patient had received the injection earlier, he might have recovered.","zhs":"如果那名病人早一點接受注射，他可能已經康復了。","g":"與過去事實相反的假設語氣","gnote":"If + S + had p.p.，主要子句用 would / could / might have + p.p.。"}]},{"id":"struct","form":"struct / stru","meaning":"建造、堆疊","origin":"拉丁文 struere / structus「建造」","words":[{"w":"structure","pos":"n.","lv":3,"zh":"結構；建築物","parts":[["struct","建造"],["-ure","名詞字尾"]],"gloss":"建造起來的東西 → 結構","en":"The structure of this sentence is much more complex than it appears.","zhs":"這個句子的結構比它看起來複雜得多。","g":"比較級的加強語氣 much more","gnote":"much / far / a lot / even 可放在比較級前加強語氣，但不可用 very。"},{"w":"structural","pos":"adj.","lv":5,"zh":"結構上的","parts":[["struct","建造"],["-ural","形容詞字尾"]],"gloss":"與結構有關的 → 結構上的","en":"Engineers found structural damage that had been ignored for years.","zhs":"工程師發現了多年來一直被忽視的結構性損壞。","g":"過去完成式的被動語態","gnote":"had been + p.p. 表示在過去某動作之前就已被完成的被動狀態。"},{"w":"construct","pos":"v.","lv":4,"zh":"建造；構成","parts":[["con-","一起"],["struct","建造"]],"gloss":"堆在一起 → 建造","en":"It took three years to construct the bridge connecting the two islands.","zhs":"建造連接這兩座島嶼的橋樑花了三年。","g":"It takes + 時間 + to V","gnote":"主詞為事物時用 take 不用 spend。connecting… 為現在分詞片語修飾 bridge。"},{"w":"construction","pos":"n.","lv":4,"zh":"建設；施工","parts":[["con-","一起"],["struct","建造"],["-ion","名詞字尾"]],"gloss":"堆建的過程 → 施工","en":"The new library is still under construction and will open next spring.","zhs":"新圖書館仍在施工中，將於明年春天開放。","g":"under construction 固定片語 ＋ 未來式","gnote":"under + 名詞可表示「在…狀態中」，如 under repair / under discussion / under control。"},{"w":"constructive","pos":"adj.","lv":4,"zh":"建設性的","parts":[["con-","一起"],["struct","建造"],["-ive","形容詞字尾"]],"gloss":"能把東西堆起來的 → 有建設性的","en":"Rather than complaining, try to offer constructive suggestions.","zhs":"與其抱怨，不如試著提出有建設性的建議。","g":"Rather than ＋ 動名詞 ＋ 祈使句","gnote":"rather than 後接動名詞或原形，需與後方結構對等。整句為祈使句，主詞 you 省略。"},{"w":"destruction","pos":"n.","lv":4,"zh":"破壞；毀滅","parts":[["de-","向下、相反"],["struct","建造"],["-ion","名詞字尾"]],"gloss":"把建好的東西拆掉 → 破壞","en":"The destruction caused by the typhoon was far worse than expected.","zhs":"颱風造成的破壞遠比預期嚴重。","g":"過去分詞片語修飾 ＋ than expected","gnote":"caused by the typhoon 等於 which was caused by…。than expected 是 than it was expected 的省略。"},{"w":"destructive","pos":"adj.","lv":5,"zh":"破壞性的","parts":[["de-","相反"],["struct","建造"],["-ive","形容詞字尾"]],"gloss":"會把東西拆掉的 → 破壞性的","en":"Few natural forces are as destructive as a tsunami.","zhs":"很少有自然力量像海嘯一樣具有破壞性。","g":"as … as 原級比較表最高級語意","gnote":"Few / No 搭配 as … as 可表達最高級的意思，等同 A tsunami is one of the most destructive…。"},{"w":"instruct","pos":"v.","lv":4,"zh":"指導；指示","parts":[["in-","進入"],["struct","建造"]],"gloss":"把知識堆進腦中 → 教導","en":"The coach instructed the players to warm up before the match started.","zhs":"教練指示球員在比賽開始前熱身。","g":"instruct + 受詞 + 不定詞","gnote":"ask / tell / advise / instruct / order 都採用「動詞 + 受詞 + to V」的句型。"},{"w":"instruction","pos":"n.","lv":2,"zh":"指示；說明","parts":[["in-","進入"],["struct","建造"],["-ion","名詞字尾"]],"gloss":"堆進腦中的內容 → 說明","en":"Follow the instructions carefully, or you may damage the device.","zhs":"仔細依照說明操作，否則你可能會損壞這台裝置。","g":"祈使句 ＋ or 表示「否則」","gnote":"祈使句 + and 表示「就會…」，+ or 表示「否則」。這是學測常考的對比。"},{"w":"instructor","pos":"n.","lv":4,"zh":"教練；講師","parts":[["in-","進入"],["struct","建造"],["-or","做…的人"]],"gloss":"把知識堆進學生腦中的人 → 講師","en":"The instructor made us repeat the movement until we got it right.","zhs":"教練要我們重複這個動作，直到我們做對為止。","g":"使役動詞 make + 受詞 + 原形動詞","gnote":"make / let / have 後面接原形動詞，不加 to。但 make 的被動語態要還原 to：were made to repeat。"},{"w":"infrastructure","pos":"n.","lv":5,"zh":"基礎建設","parts":[["infra-","在下方"],["struct","建造"],["-ure","名詞字尾"]],"gloss":"底層的建造 → 基礎建設","en":"Investing in infrastructure is what the government should focus on now.","zhs":"投資基礎建設正是政府現在應該專注的事。","g":"動名詞主詞 ＋ what 名詞子句當補語","gnote":"Investing… 當主詞，what the government should focus on 當主詞補語，兩者以 be 動詞連接。"}]},{"id":"duc","form":"duc / duct","meaning":"引導、帶領","origin":"拉丁文 ducere / ductus「引導」","words":[{"w":"introduce","pos":"v.","lv":2,"zh":"介紹；引進","parts":[["intro-","向內"],["duc","引導"]],"gloss":"領進來 → 介紹、引進","en":"Let me introduce you to the friend I told you about yesterday.","zhs":"讓我把昨天跟你提過的那位朋友介紹給你。","g":"使役動詞 let + 受詞 + 原形動詞","gnote":"let 後接原形動詞。the friend (whom) I told you about 省略了受格關係代名詞。"},{"w":"introduction","pos":"n.","lv":2,"zh":"介紹；引言","parts":[["intro-","向內"],["duc","引導"],["-tion","名詞字尾"]],"gloss":"領進來的動作 → 介紹、緒論","en":"The introduction of smartphones has changed the way people communicate.","zhs":"智慧型手機的引進改變了人們溝通的方式。","g":"the way ＋ 主詞 ＋ 動詞（關係副詞省略）","gnote":"the way 後面可直接接子句，或用 the way in which / how，但 the way how 是錯的。"},{"w":"educate","pos":"v.","lv":3,"zh":"教育","parts":[["e-","向外（ex- 的變體）"],["duc","引導"],["-ate","動詞字尾"]],"gloss":"把潛能引導出來 → 教育","en":"Children should be educated to think for themselves, not just to memorize facts.","zhs":"孩子應該被教育去獨立思考，而不只是背誦事實。","g":"被動語態 ＋ 不定詞的對等結構","gnote":"should be + p.p. 為含助動詞的被動。not just to memorize 與 to think 結構對等。"},{"w":"education","pos":"n.","lv":2,"zh":"教育","parts":[["e-","向外"],["duc","引導"],["-ation","名詞字尾"]],"gloss":"引導出來的過程 → 教育","en":"Education is not only about grades but also about learning how to learn.","zhs":"教育不只關乎成績，也關乎學會如何學習。","g":"not only A but also B 的對等結構","gnote":"A 與 B 的詞性結構必須一致，此處兩邊都是 about + 名詞片語。"},{"w":"produce","pos":"v./n.","lv":2,"zh":"生產；農產品","parts":[["pro-","向前"],["duc","引導"]],"gloss":"引到前面來 → 生產出來","en":"This factory produces more electric cars than any other factory in the country.","zhs":"這間工廠生產的電動車比國內任何其他工廠都多。","g":"比較級 + than any other + 單數名詞","gnote":"用比較級表達最高級的意思時，any other 後面接單數名詞。"},{"w":"producer","pos":"n.","lv":3,"zh":"生產者；製作人","parts":[["pro-","向前"],["duc","引導"],["-er","做…的人"]],"gloss":"生產的人 → 製作人","en":"The producer, who had worked on several hit films, agreed to join the team.","zhs":"那位曾參與多部賣座電影的製作人同意加入團隊。","g":"非限定關係子句（前後加逗號）","gnote":"逗號隔開的關係子句只是補充說明，拿掉不影響句意，且不可用 that。"},{"w":"product","pos":"n.","lv":3,"zh":"產品","parts":[["pro-","向前"],["duct","引導"]],"gloss":"被引導出來的東西 → 產品","en":"The company recalled the product after several customers complained.","zhs":"在幾位顧客投訴之後，這家公司召回了該產品。","g":"after 引導的時間副詞子句（過去式）","gnote":"兩件事都在過去發生且順序明確時，可都用過去簡單式，不一定要用過去完成式。"},{"w":"production","pos":"n.","lv":2,"zh":"生產；製作","parts":[["pro-","向前"],["duct","引導"],["-ion","名詞字尾"]],"gloss":"引導出來的過程 → 生產","en":"Production has increased steadily since the new equipment was installed.","zhs":"自從新設備安裝之後，產量穩定增加。","g":"現在完成式 ＋ since 引導的過去式子句","gnote":"since 表「自從」時，主要子句用現在完成式，since 子句用過去簡單式。"},{"w":"productive","pos":"adj.","lv":4,"zh":"多產的；有生產力的","parts":[["pro-","向前"],["duct","引導"],["-ive","形容詞字尾"]],"gloss":"能生產出東西的 → 有生產力的","en":"I find working in the morning more productive than working at night.","zhs":"我覺得早上工作比晚上工作更有生產力。","g":"find + 受詞 + 受詞補語","gnote":"find / consider / think 可接「受詞 + 形容詞」。此處受詞是動名詞片語 working in the morning。"},{"w":"reduce","pos":"v.","lv":3,"zh":"減少；降低","parts":[["re-","向後"],["duc","引導"]],"gloss":"往回帶 → 減少","en":"We must reduce the amount of plastic that we use every day.","zhs":"我們必須減少每天使用的塑膠量。","g":"the amount of ＋ 不可數名詞","gnote":"amount 接不可數名詞，number 接可數複數。that we use 為關係子句修飾 plastic。"},{"w":"reduction","pos":"n.","lv":4,"zh":"減少；削減","parts":[["re-","向後"],["duct","引導"],["-ion","名詞字尾"]],"gloss":"往回帶的結果 → 減少","en":"A sharp reduction in sales forced the company to close two branches.","zhs":"銷售額的大幅下滑迫使該公司關閉兩家分店。","g":"force + 受詞 + 不定詞","gnote":"force / cause / enable / allow 皆採「動詞 + 受詞 + to V」句型。"},{"w":"conduct","pos":"v./n.","lv":5,"zh":"進行；指揮；行為","parts":[["con-","一起"],["duct","引導"]],"gloss":"一起帶領 → 指揮、執行","en":"The research was conducted by a team of scientists from three countries.","zhs":"這項研究由來自三個國家的科學家團隊執行。","g":"被動語態 ＋ by 帶出動作者","gnote":"當要強調動作者時，被動句用 by + 行為者。若動作者不重要則可省略。"},{"w":"conductor","pos":"n.","lv":4,"zh":"指揮；導體；車掌","parts":[["con-","一起"],["duct","引導"],["-or","做…的人／物"]],"gloss":"帶領大家的人 → 指揮","en":"Copper is a better conductor of electricity than iron is.","zhs":"銅是比鐵更好的導電體。","g":"比較句中的助動詞省略","gnote":"than iron is 的 is 代替前面的動詞，避免重複。也可直接寫成 than iron。"},{"w":"induce","pos":"v.","lv":6,"zh":"引起；誘導","parts":[["in-","進入"],["duc","引導"]],"gloss":"引進某種狀態 → 誘發","en":"Nothing could induce him to change his mind once he had decided.","zhs":"一旦他下定決心，沒有任何事能說服他改變主意。","g":"once 引導的時間／條件子句","gnote":"once 意為「一旦」，引導副詞子句。此處搭配過去完成式表示先發生的動作。"}]},{"id":"mit","form":"mit / miss","meaning":"送、放出","origin":"拉丁文 mittere / missus「送」","words":[{"w":"mission","pos":"n.","lv":3,"zh":"任務；使命","parts":[["miss","送"],["-ion","名詞字尾"]],"gloss":"被派送出去的事 → 任務","en":"The team completed the mission despite the terrible weather.","zhs":"儘管天氣惡劣，這個團隊仍完成了任務。","g":"despite ＋ 名詞片語","gnote":"despite / in spite of 後接名詞或動名詞；although / though 後接完整子句。"},{"w":"missile","pos":"n.","lv":3,"zh":"飛彈","parts":[["miss","送"],["-ile","名詞字尾"]],"gloss":"被送出去的東西 → 飛彈","en":"The missile was launched at dawn, which shocked the whole world.","zhs":"那枚飛彈在黎明時發射，這震驚了全世界。","g":"which 指涉前面整個子句","gnote":"非限定用法的 which 可代表前面整件事，逗號不可省略。"},{"w":"admit","pos":"v.","lv":2,"zh":"承認；准許進入","parts":[["ad-","朝向"],["mit","送"]],"gloss":"讓某事送進來 → 承認、接納","en":"He admitted breaking the window, which surprised his parents.","zhs":"他承認打破了窗戶，這讓他的父母很驚訝。","g":"admit ＋ 動名詞","gnote":"admit / enjoy / finish / avoid / mind / practice 後面只能接動名詞，不可接不定詞。"},{"w":"admission","pos":"n.","lv":4,"zh":"入場；承認；入學許可","parts":[["ad-","朝向"],["miss","送"],["-ion","名詞字尾"]],"gloss":"讓人送進來 → 准入","en":"Admission to the museum is free for students under eighteen.","zhs":"十八歲以下的學生免費入場參觀博物館。","g":"不可數名詞當主詞 ＋ 介系詞片語修飾","gnote":"admission 在此為不可數，動詞用單數。under eighteen 修飾 students。"},{"w":"permit","pos":"v./n.","lv":3,"zh":"允許；許可證","parts":[["per-","穿過"],["mit","送"]],"gloss":"讓它穿過去 → 允許","en":"Weather permitting, we will hold the ceremony in the courtyard.","zhs":"如果天氣允許，我們將在中庭舉行典禮。","g":"獨立分詞構句（有自己的主詞）","gnote":"Weather permitting 為固定用法，等於 If the weather permits。分詞有自己的主詞時稱獨立分詞構句。"},{"w":"permission","pos":"n.","lv":3,"zh":"許可；允許","parts":[["per-","穿過"],["miss","送"],["-ion","名詞字尾"]],"gloss":"讓它通過的許可 → 允許","en":"You need your parents' permission before you can join the trip.","zhs":"在你能參加這趟旅行之前，你需要父母的許可。","g":"複數名詞的所有格 ＋ before 子句","gnote":"複數名詞字尾已有 s，所有格只加撇號：parents'。"},{"w":"submit","pos":"v.","lv":5,"zh":"繳交；屈服","parts":[["sub-","在下面"],["mit","送"]],"gloss":"送到底下去 → 呈交、屈服","en":"All applications must be submitted by the end of this month.","zhs":"所有申請必須在本月底前繳交。","g":"情態助動詞的被動語態","gnote":"must / should / can + be + p.p.。by 表示期限「不晚於」。"},{"w":"commit","pos":"v.","lv":4,"zh":"犯（罪）；承諾；投入","parts":[["com-","一起、完全"],["mit","送"]],"gloss":"把自己完全送出去 → 投入、託付","en":"She committed herself to helping students who could not afford tuition.","zhs":"她投身於幫助那些負擔不起學費的學生。","g":"commit oneself to ＋ 動名詞","gnote":"此處 to 是介系詞，後接 V-ing。同類的還有 look forward to、be used to、object to。"},{"w":"commitment","pos":"n.","lv":5,"zh":"承諾；投入","parts":[["com-","完全"],["mit","送"],["-ment","名詞字尾"]],"gloss":"完全送出自己的狀態 → 承諾","en":"What impressed me most was his commitment to the environment.","zhs":"最令我印象深刻的是他對環境的投入。","g":"what 名詞子句當主詞 ＋ 最高級副詞","gnote":"What impressed me most 當主詞，動詞用單數 was。most 修飾動詞 impressed。"},{"w":"commission","pos":"n./v.","lv":5,"zh":"委員會；佣金；委任","parts":[["com-","一起"],["miss","送"],["-ion","名詞字尾"]],"gloss":"一起送出任務 → 委任、委員會","en":"The commission has been investigating the case since last October.","zhs":"該委員會自去年十月起一直在調查此案。","g":"現在完成進行式 have been + V-ing","gnote":"強調從過去某時間點持續進行到現在且可能繼續的動作，常搭配 since / for。"},{"w":"dismiss","pos":"v.","lv":4,"zh":"解散；解僱；駁回","parts":[["dis-","分開、離開"],["miss","送"]],"gloss":"把人送走 → 解散、解僱","en":"The teacher dismissed the class ten minutes earlier than usual.","zhs":"老師比平常早十分鐘讓班上下課。","g":"比較級 ＋ than usual","gnote":"ten minutes 為比較的差距量，放在比較級之前。than usual 意為「比平常」。"},{"w":"omit","pos":"v.","lv":3,"zh":"省略；遺漏","parts":[["o-","離開（ob- 的變體）"],["mit","送"]],"gloss":"送到一邊去 → 略去","en":"If you omit this step, the whole experiment will fail.","zhs":"如果你省略這個步驟，整個實驗都會失敗。","g":"條件句第一類","gnote":"If 子句用現在簡單式表未來，主要子句用 will + 原形動詞。"},{"w":"emission","pos":"n.","lv":5,"zh":"排放；排放物","parts":[["e-","向外（ex- 的變體）"],["miss","送"],["-ion","名詞字尾"]],"gloss":"送出去的東西 → 排放","en":"Carbon emissions must be reduced if we want to slow global warming.","zhs":"如果我們想減緩全球暖化，就必須降低碳排放。","g":"情態助動詞被動 ＋ if 條件子句","gnote":"must be reduced 為被動；if 子句用現在式，即使語意指向未來。"},{"w":"transmit","pos":"v.","lv":6,"zh":"傳送；傳播","parts":[["trans-","橫越"],["mit","送"]],"gloss":"送過去 → 傳輸","en":"The disease is transmitted through contact with infected animals.","zhs":"這種疾病透過接觸受感染的動物傳播。","g":"被動語態 ＋ 過去分詞當形容詞","gnote":"is transmitted 為被動；infected 是過去分詞當形容詞，修飾 animals，表被動含意。"},{"w":"transmission","pos":"n.","lv":5,"zh":"傳送；傳播；變速器","parts":[["trans-","橫越"],["miss","送"],["-ion","名詞字尾"]],"gloss":"送過去這件事 → 傳輸","en":"Scientists are studying how the transmission of the virus can be stopped.","zhs":"科學家正在研究病毒的傳播如何能被阻止。","g":"間接問句 ＋ 被動語態","gnote":"how 引導名詞子句當受詞，語序為直述句：how + 主詞 + 動詞，不可倒裝。"}]}]}